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Verbascoside or acteoside is the most abundant phenylethanoid glycoside that possesses health beneficial pharmacological activities, including anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. Due to the wide range of pharmacol...
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Verbascoside or acteoside is the most abundant phenylethanoid glycoside that possesses health beneficial pharmacological activities, including anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. Due to the wide range of pharmacological activities of verbascoside and insufficient data on the safety profile, the acute, subacute and cellular toxicity of verbascoside was determined. The acute and subacute toxicity of verbascoside was evaluated in mice after single intraperitoneal injection at the dose range of 0,1,2 and 5 g kg~(-1) b.wt. (acute model) and 21 days administration at the dose range of 0,10,30 and 60 mg kg~(-1) b.wt. (subacute model). InMTT assay, HepG2 and NIH cells were exposed to different concentrations of verbascoside. According to result, the LD_(50) value of verbascoside was found to be greater than 5 g kg~(-1). In subacute toxicity study, no statistically significant differences were observed in the values of hematological, biochemical and pathological parameters in comparison with control group. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that the viability in all groups were greater than the IC_(50) value. In conclusion, the results from the present study elucidate that verbascoside is well tolerated for both single and chronic administration and does not produce any toxic effects or deaths in animals.
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The present study was aimed to evaluate the sub- acute toxicity of ethanol extract of roots of Stereospermum suaveolens in Wistar rats. Ethanol extract of roots of Stereospermum suaveolens was prepared by hot extraction method. Ac...
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The present study was aimed to evaluate the sub- acute toxicity of ethanol extract of roots of Stereospermum suaveolens in Wistar rats. Ethanol extract of roots of Stereospermum suaveolens was prepared by hot extraction method. Acute toxicity studies had been carried out according to OECD 423 guidelines. Sub-acute toxicity studies were evaluated by orally administering the extract at dosage levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. for 28 days. At the end of the study blood was collected for haematological and biochemical specifications and animals were sacrificed and organ weights were monitored and subjected for histological studies. The results of the acute toxicity study shows that extract was safe at 2000mg/kg b.w. Sub-acute toxicity study did not show a significant change in any of the hematological and biochemical parameters. Further histological studies also substantiated the biochemical parameters. The findings of the present study conclude that the ethanol extract of roots of Stereospermum suaveolens was practically non toxic in rats after repeated oral administration. Further the study supports the use of roots of Stereospermum suaveolens in traditional systems of medicine.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been known as one of the most important nanomaterials and their toxicological effects in vivo have been widely concerned. According to "Globally Harmonized System of classification and Labelling of Chem...
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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been known as one of the most important nanomaterials and their toxicological effects in vivo have been widely concerned. According to "Globally Harmonized System of classification and Labelling of Chemicals" (GHS) classification regulation, here, we analyzed the local toxicity (skin corrosion/irritation), acute oral toxicity, aquatic acute toxicity and reproductive toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with the "Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development" (OECD) recommended chemical toxicity standard test methods. The experimental results showed that the LD_(50) and LC_(50) of SWCNT are all higher (LC_(50) more than 5000mg/kg bw, LC_(50) more than 100mg/L), but the skin irritation score is 0.6. As the standard of GHS, that means the SWCNT has no acute oral toxicity and aquatic acute toxicity, but it belongs to skin mild irritation substance. The investigations of reproductive toxicity showed that rate of cell micronuclei formation was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in 10.0 mg/kg dose group, and rate of mice sperm deformity was increased too (p < 0.05) in infected groups indicating that the SWCNT played a potentially role in reproductive toxicity.
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Alpha-momorcharin (l-MMC) is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) with excellent cytotoxicity to tumor cells. However, its strong immunogenicity and short plasma half-life limit its clinical applications. To overcome this, we hav...
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Alpha-momorcharin (l-MMC) is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) with excellent cytotoxicity to tumor cells. However, its strong immunogenicity and short plasma half-life limit its clinical applications. To overcome this, we have to PEGylated l-MMC using a branched 20 kDa (mPEG) -Lys-NHS. Homogeneous mono-, di- and tri-PEGylated l-MMCs were synthesized, purified and characterized. In vitro and in vivo analysis indicated that the serial PEG-conjugates preserved moderate anti-tumor activity with 36% acute toxicity and at most 66% immunogenicity decrease. These results suggested the potential application of l-MMC-PEG conjugates as an anti-tumor agent.
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Alpha-momorcharin (l-MMC) is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) with excellent cytotoxicity to tumor cells. However, its strong immunogenicity and short plasma half-life limit its clinical applications. To overcome this, we hav...
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Alpha-momorcharin (l-MMC) is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) with excellent cytotoxicity to tumor cells. However, its strong immunogenicity and short plasma half-life limit its clinical applications. To overcome this, we have to PEGylated l-MMC using a branched 20 kDa (mPEG) -Lys-NHS. Homogeneous mono-, di- and tri-PEGylated l-MMCs were synthesized, purified and characterized. In vitro and in vivo analysis indicated that the serial PEG-conjugates preserved moderate anti-tumor activity with 36% acute toxicity and at most 66% immunogenicity decrease. These results suggested the potential application of l-MMC-PEG conjugates as an anti-tumor agent.
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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Oviductus ranae (OR) is a traditional animal-based Chinese medicine, which has been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia since 1985 edition. Although its medicinal application has been widely acknowl...
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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Oviductus ranae (OR) is a traditional animal-based Chinese medicine, which has been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia since 1985 edition. Although its medicinal application has been widely acknowledged, there is little available information on its potential toxicity.
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This study estimated the toxicity of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and phosmet to the stingless bees Scaptotrigona bipunctata and Tetragonisca fiebrigi. The results showed significant differences in susceptibility between the test...
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This study estimated the toxicity of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and phosmet to the stingless bees Scaptotrigona bipunctata and Tetragonisca fiebrigi. The results showed significant differences in susceptibility between the tested species, indicating that S. bipunctata are more tolerant to chlorpyrifos than T. fiebrigi in both assays. In contrast, the two tested stingless bee species showed no significant differences in susceptibility to phosmet. Our findings indicated that the insecticides chlorpyrifos and phosmet are potentially dangerous to S. bipunctata and T. fiebrigi both topically and by ingestion. It is essential to propose measures to minimize the impact of these products on pollinators. This study is the first evaluation of the lethal effects of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and phosmet to S. bipunctata and T. fiebrigi, and it provides important support for future studies on pesticide toxicity in stingless bees.
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The toxicity and antitumour effect of the ethanol extract of Selaginella tamariscina (STE), a plant widely used in folk medicine, were examined in a mice model. In the single-dose acute toxicity test, an oral administration of 10,...
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The toxicity and antitumour effect of the ethanol extract of Selaginella tamariscina (STE), a plant widely used in folk medicine, were examined in a mice model. In the single-dose acute toxicity test, an oral administration of 10,000 mg kg -1 STE did not cause any lethality. The sub-acute toxicity study showed that the treatment by 250, 1000 and 3000 mg kg -1 day -1 for 30 continuous days did neither alter the body weights nor the haematological parameters in BALB/c mice. The anticancer effect of STE was evaluated in BALB/c mice inoculated with Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Oral administration of STE could not prevent the tumour formation but provided strong inhibition of tumour growth.
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Streams receiving runoff from General Mitchell International Airport(GMIA). Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, were studied to assess toxic impacts of aircraft and runway deicers. Elevated levels of constituents related to deicing(propyle...
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Streams receiving runoff from General Mitchell International Airport(GMIA). Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, were studied to assess toxic impacts of aircraft and runway deicers. Elevated levels of constituents related to deicing(propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and ammonia)were observed in stream samples. The LC 50s of type I deicer for Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephelas promelas, Hyalela azteca, and Chironimus tentans and EC50 for Microtox~R were less than 5,000 mg/L of propylene glycol. Concentrations Up to 39,000 mg/L were observed at airport outfall sites in samples collected deicing events.
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Increasing concentration of nitrate in surface water and groundwater are becoming a worldwide concern, yet little information has been published on toxicity of nitrate to common organisms used for toxicity testing. The acute and c...
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Increasing concentration of nitrate in surface water and groundwater are becoming a worldwide concern, yet little information has been published on toxicity of nitrate to common organisms used for toxicity testing. The acute and chronic toxicity of nitrate(NO_3-N)to Ceriodphnia dubia, Dpahnia magna, and Pimephales promelas was investigated in 48-h to 17-d laboratory exposures. The 48-h median lethal concentration(LC50)of nitrate to C.dubia and D. magna neonates was 374 mg/L NO_3-N and 462 mg/L NO_3-N.
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